Quotes from Ali Rattansi

The fact that much grooming is carried out by white men is never mentioned, making it possible to argue that it is something about their religion that makes these Asian men prone to such behaviour.

When all these processes of racialization are factored in there can be little doubt that 'Islamophobia' names a form of labelling that carries strong racial connotations and needs to be considered as part of the racial politics of not only the UK, but the rest of Europe and the USA.

This formulation is regarded by the IHRA as a 'non-legally binding' working definition.

The draftees of the working definition acknowledged its somewhat loose and vague wording, and thus added a number of 'examples' 'which may serve as illustrations'.

criticisms of the actions of the state of Israel and antisemitism are conflated in many statements and in actions taken against the state of Israel.

It is often argued that the British left is the main perpetrator of this form of antisemitism.

In essence, in the UK and to some degree in the USA, this is said to be the 'new antisemitism': criticisms of the state of Israel that do not discriminate sufficiently between Israel and Jewish people whether in Israel or outside Israel.

In 2018 the British Labour Party found itself embroiled in controversy inside and outside the party when it attempted to amend the examples—not the working definition, it must be said—to ensure that legitimate criticism of Israel was not prevented by adopting the definition and all its examples. After lengthy debate the Labour Party has now accepted in full all the examples as well as the working definition.

The term 'racism' was coined in the 1930s, primarily as a response to the Nazi project of making Germany judenrein, or 'clean of Jews'. The

They racialize without 'race': Thatcher's remarks about 'New Commonwealth immigrants' is one such example.

Which brings us to hostility towards Islam and Muslims, which is now grouped under the umbrella term 'Islamophobia

More relevant is the 'Orientalism' that Said (1978) identified as the 'cultural imaginary' and mode of governance of Muslim lands by Western imperial powers, especially from the 19th century onwards.

There is a lack of understanding on white people's part that it is not just a question of their own individual prejudice or lack of it, but of how racism works in a systematic and structural form to disadvantage ethnic minorities. And there is a taken-for-granted lens and experience of whiteness which makes for ignorance and blindness to the discrimination that ethnic minorities suffer in white-dominated societies.

There is little doubt that had de Menezes been blond and blue-eyed, he would not even have entered the police's surveillance radar.

What would happen to the one-drop rule with regard to whites (the next section will discuss its deployment to identify the black population)?

In other words, whiteness is relational, and regarded as the norm unless non-whites are encountered and their status as co-citizens acknowledged.

In all their colonies, wealth, power, and beauty were the property of the white elite and the lighter-skinned children of intermarriages and illegal liaisons between white male colonizers and local women.

In understanding the widespread use of skin-lightening creams among black women in South Africa, the USA, the UK, and many other societies, from Brazil and the Philippines to Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and the Caribbean, the role of white colonialism by the British, Spanish, and Portuguese cannot be underestimated.

Whiteness (and blackness) have been historically created, and it is necessary to understand some key insights into the formation of 'whiteness' and 'blackness',

But crucially, the difficulties surrounding racial classification also meant that definitions of black and white remained indeterminate.

However, blackness, no less than whiteness, has been and continues to be a socially constructed and therefore highly contentious racial description.

networks of social relations and institutions which have the effect of sustaining a combination of actions, cultures, and practices which then reproduce racialized inequalities over time.

This is the paradox of being white and 'seeing white', but being to all intents and purposes 'invisible' or, more appropriately, as Frankenberg, Garner, and other sociologists of 'whiteness' have suggested, 'unmarked'. In Western societies

This combines with the constant refrain from many in Europe and the USA that Muslims are intrinsically culturally inassimilable, thus essentializing and naturalizing Islam and Muslims.