Quotes from William L. Cleveland

The bureaucracy, once noted for its efficiency and its adherence to the policy of merit-based promotion, became infused with nepotism, and the buying and selling of offices was a common practice.

At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the main body of the church defined Christ as having two natures, divine and human.

To understand the development of Islam and Islamic civilization, we must recognize that the Middle East region into which Islam expanded was a rich repository of centuries of accumulated intellectual exchanges, religious experiences, and administrative practices.

Islamul trebuie înÈ›eles ca un produs al societ??ilor în care s-a extins, dar È™i ca un produs al societ??ilor de origine

Este dificil s? nu fii de acord cu afirmaÈ›ia conform c?reia Transiordania este un stat artificial creat special pentru a acomoda interesele unei puteri str?ine È™i a unui prinÈ› în c?utare de tron.

The persecution of Jews and of Christians outside the Greek Orthodox community caused great disaffection within the empire and explains in part why many Byzantine subjects welcomed the arrival of the more religiously tolerant Muslim rulers.

The only outside power capable of persuading Israel to modify its policies and enter into negotiations was the United States. However, the United States would not exercise its influence in this matter until the PLO recognized the state of Israel, something it had steadfastly refused to do.